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XYZ Corp employs 300 rank-and-file workers and 60 supervisors. It forms the XYZ Workers Union (XYZWU) to represent its employees. The by-laws create a category of 'associate members' that includes supervisory personnel. The company admits three supervisors as full voting members and seats them on XYZWU's executive committee. The union conducts elections with these supervisors voting and holding office. The employer continues to recognize XYZWU as the exclusive bargaining agent for the workers. (a) Identify the central doctrine governing commingling or mixed membership in labor organizations. (b) Distinguish the rule on membership composition from related topics in labor law. (c) Apply to the facts: Is the inclusion of the three supervisors as full voting members valid? What remedies or consequences flow if the membership is invalid?