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Bea, a Filipino, marries Mateo, an Australian national, in Sydney in 2017 under Australian law. The ceremony complied with Australian requirements; both parties were of legal age and freely consenting. They do not register the marriage in the Philippines. In 2018 they have a child, Lio. Mateo dies in 2020. Bea seeks recognition of the foreign marriage in the Philippines for purposes of civil status and inheritance. (a) State the controlling doctrine on the validity of marriages celebrated abroad and the test for recognition in the Philippines. (b) Distinguish this rule from possible limitations that could prevent recognition (e.g., public policy, incapacity, or prohibited marriages under Philippine law). (c) Apply the doctrine to Bea and Mateo: is their marriage valid in the Philippines, and what are the implications for Bea’s civil status, Lio’s legitimacy, and Bea’s ability to remarry in the Philippines? Provide a concise conclusion.