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In Regional Trial Court of Quezon City, a 34-year-old single nurse, Maria Cruz, petitions for the domestic adoption of her 7-year-old ward, Julio, who has lived with her since age 3 under the guardianship of the Social Welfare Office. Julio's biological mother is alive and has signed a voluntary consent to adoption; Julio's biological father is unknown. The petition is supported by a current home study report and a guardian ad litem's recommendation. After diligent attempts to serve the mother personally, the RTC orders service by publication for three consecutive weeks. Following a hearing, the court grants the petition and issues an Adoption Decree. The mother later files a motion for reconsideration, arguing that service by publication violated due process and that consent was not properly obtained. (a) Identify the essential steps in the process to validly grant a domestic adoption under RA 11642, and the purpose of each step. (b) Distinguish whether the mother’s consent alone suffices or whether there must be a separate court-ordered termination of parental authority; explain how this applies to Julio. (c) If due process is challenged, explain the standard for valid service of summons and the available remedy, and apply to Julio.

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Essential steps are (i) filing of the petition with required attachments (consent, home study, guardian ad litem), (ii) service of summons on the birth parent with diligent attempts at personal service, (iii) if service cannot be perfected, an order for service by publication for three weeks, (iv) a hearing to determine welfare and fitness, (v) issuance of an Adoption Decree that terminates the birth parents’ parental authority and, upon entry, amends the adoptee’s birth certificate; the purpose of each step is to ensure notice, verify fitness, protect the child’s welfare, and legally finalize the transfer of parental rights; there is no separate non-decreed termination of parental authority; the adoption decree itself terminates rights; the standard for service is due process and the remedy for a due-process challenge is a timely motion for reconsideration. Essential steps are (i) petition and proof of guardianship arrangement, (ii) summons and service on the birth mother, (iii) hearing with best-interest evidence, (iv) adoption decree, (v) issuance of a new birth certificate; the birth father’s consent is always required; the remedy for due process challenges is a motion for new trial; service by publication is never proper in RA 11642 cases. Essential steps are (i) petition, (ii) home study, (iii) guardian ad litem, (iv) service of summons with full personal service on the birth mother, (v) hearing, (vi) Adoption Decree; there must be a separate termination petition for paternal rights before the decree, and the remedy for due process is a petition for certiorari; publication is permissible only if service is impossible after due diligence. Essential steps are (i) petition, (ii) consent of the birth parent, (iii) immediate grant of adoption by the court, (iv) issuance of the Adoption Decree with no need for a home study or guardian ad litem; consent alone suffices and there is no termination of parental authority; the remedy for due process is a direct appeal; service of summons is not required in RA 11642 cases.

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