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Facts: The President suspends Diego Santos, Deputy Administrator of the National Power Corporation, an appointive officer in the executive branch who is a civil service employee, for alleged procurement irregularities. The suspension is issued for 40 days without prior notice or hearing, while an administrative investigation proceeds. The Civil Service Commission later holds that due process requires notice and a hearing before suspension, and that removal for cause must be preceded by due process. The President defends the action as a permissible exercise of disciplinary power over appointive officers. Questions: (a) Identify who has the power to suspend or remove such officers and state the constitutional basis. (b) Distinguish suspension from removal and set out the due-process requirements for each. (c) Apply the foregoing to the facts: is the President’s 40-day suspension valid? Explain your answer with reference to the controlling doctrine and authorities.