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Question
An acting Barangay Captain signs a 3-year concession agreement with CleanSweep Services, Inc. to operate the barangay's waste collection and street cleaning program, totaling 3,200,000 pesos, on behalf of the Barangay. The Captain claims authority from a Sanggunian resolution authorizing contracts up to 4,000,000 pesos without a separate appropriation. The resolution was never enacted or published, and the Barangay has no budget appropriation for the project. CleanSweep, acting in good faith on the Captain’s authority, begins preparations and performance. The Sanggunian later refuses to ratify or provide funds. Is the Barangay bound by the concession? (a) Identify the controlling doctrine on when a public officer's acts bind the government. (b) Apply the doctrine to these facts and determine whether the Barangay is bound, considering actual, implied, apparent authority, and ratification. (c) If not bound, what remedies or recourse does CleanSweep have and against whom?