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Two adjacent municipalities, X (Province P) and Y (Province Q), share a boundary along a river. In 2023 they sign a Boundary Understanding relocating the boundary 150 meters toward Y, based on a joint survey and attached map. The Understanding states it takes effect immediately and is binding on the two municipalities, their residents, and on fishing and land-use rights within the relocated boundary zone. No Senate ratification or implementing legislation exists; the national government has not approved or ratified the instrument. In 2025 the municipalities begin issuing fishing licenses and land-use permits in the relocated zone, and a private landowner with title to land straddling the old boundary challenges enforcement, arguing that the boundary cannot be lawfully changed without national approval. (a)Identify the controlling rule on whether a boundary settlement entered into by local government units without national government ratification binds the Republic and third parties. (b)Distinguish the domestic binding effect of such an accord from the binding effect of a delimitation later undertaken by the State through proper constitutional process. (c)Apply to the facts: who are the legally relevant actors, what rights and duties arise for third parties, and what remedy is appropriate to resolve the dispute.