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In a civil action for partition of a parcel of land owned by two co-owners, A and B, a private electric utility, PowerCo, moves to intervene under Rule 19 on the ground that it holds a transmission-line easement across the parcel; the partition would affect the ability to access, maintain, and operate the line, thereby potentially disrupting service to customers. The trial court denies the motion, ruling that PowerCo’s interest is not direct. (a) State the controlling doctrine on intervention under Rule 19 and the requisites for intervention as a matter of right. (b) Distinguish intervention as of right from permissive intervention and the standards for each. (c) Apply to the facts: should PowerCo be allowed to intervene as a matter of right? If not, could intervention by permission be granted? What are the consequences for the intervenor and for the case if intervention is granted or denied?