...ikasan before the Supreme Court, a coastal fisherfolk alliance and an environmental NGO challenge a private company's planned dredging project in a mangrove estuary. They allege grave and imminent threats to the mangrove...
...mages; the Philippine government argues it has complied with domestic environmental laws and that the impact is not cross-border. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine under Principle 21 and its essential elements. (b) D...
Citations: Stockholm Declaration (1972), Principle 21, Trail Smelter Arbitration (United States v. Canada), 1938
...d general welfare, and is within LGU police power subject to national environmental laws. Briefly justify whether the ordinance is a valid exercise of police power. This flashcard focuses on a core, testable aspect of LG...
Citations: Local Government Code of the Philippines (RA 7160), Clean Water Act (RA 9275), Constitution, National concerns and local autonomy principles (Article X)
...6-24 requiring all mining operators within its territory to secure an Environmental Compliance Permit (ECP) from the Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) before commencing operations or continuing...
In response to escalating environmental violations within its borders, the Province of Silangan enacts Ordinance No. 2026-12, requiring all industrial facilities operating within the province to obtain an Environmental C...
Citations: Rule 65, Rules of Court (Petitions for Certiorari)., Republic Act No. 7160 (Local Government Code) (local autonomy and police power subject to national laws)., Republic Act No. 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act)., Republic Act No. 9275 (PH Clean Water Act)., DENR Administrative and Regulatory Framework (environmental permitting and EMB authority).
...uz discharged a noxious liquid into a public river, causing temporary environmental disruption but no injuries. At that time there was no Philippine law defining or punishing the discharge of pollutants into waterways as...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines (1987) on the prohibition against ex post facto and the principle of legality., Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815) – general guidance on the application of penal laws and the primacy of legality.
...it corporate training platform in Manila offers a paid module titled 'Environmental Tax Reform in the Philippines.' In Module 4, it includes a 60-second excerpt from a 10-minute documentary about the reform, displayed to...
...Nueva Verde passes Ordinance No. 2025-12 imposing a 'Waste Management Environmental Levy' of 2% on the gross receipts of all waste-management service providers operating within the city (including private haulers, recycl...
...Verde passes Ordinance No. 2026-ENV imposing a 2.5% "Waste Management Environmental Levy" on the gross receipts of all waste-management services conducted within city limits, with collections remitted to the City Treasur...
Citations: RA 7160, Local Government Code of 1991, Sec. 187
...mmunity center hosts an on-site, free public screening of a 12-minute environmental documentary about local issues. During the screening, the MC shows a 60-second clip consisting of an interview segment from the document...
Citations: Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code), as amended by RA 9502 and RA 10372
An environmental agency hires a staff photographer to document a nationwide cleanup campaign. While performing his official duties, the photographer creates two works: (i) a photo essay on the campaign, and (ii) a set of...
Citations: Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code) as amended by RA 9150, RA 9502, and RA 10372
An environmental NGO hires a full-time staff designer to prepare two outputs for a funded awareness campaign: (i) a set of educational posters, and (ii) a companion teacher's guide. The employment contract provides: "All...
Citations: Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines)
An official city government publishes its City Environmental Code on its website. A private publisher downloads the code verbatim and posts it on its own site. The publisher then releases a Plain-English Digest that rest...
Citations: Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines), IPOPHL guidance on non-copyrightable works and government texts, Lawphil.net – Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (RA 8293)
An ordinance enacted by the Province of Buenavista imposes an 'Environmental Stewardship Levy' on every person or business operating in the province. The levy is fixed at 0.37% of gross receipts from business conducted w...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines (1987); Article X on Local Government Units and their revenue powers, Republic Act No. 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991)
An ordinance enacted by the Province of Montelara imposes an "Environmental Sustainment Tax" on every person doing business within the province. The levy is fixed at 0.5% of gross annual sales, due once a year, with pena...
An ordinance enacted by the Province of Verdeza imposes an "Environmental Sustainability Tax" on every person or business doing business within the province. The levy is fixed at 0.45% of gross annual sales, due once a y...
...of Solara passes Ordinance No. 2025-11 imposing a "Local Housing and Environmental Improvement Tax" of 1.5% on the gross receipts derived from real estate development, construction, and property management services cond...
City of Verdeval passes Ordinance No. 202X-77 imposing an Environmental Compliance Tax on businesses within its jurisdiction. The tax is 0.30% of gross receipts for businesses with Environmental Risk Rating 'Low', 1.20%...
...Foundation, Inc. is a private non-stock corporation formed to promote environmental advocacy. Promoters Elena and Marco sign a lease agreement with GreenTech Equipment using the name Solaroa Foundation, Inc. before the A...
...r‑profit course platform in Manila offers a paid module on Philippine Environmental Law. In Module 5, it includes a 40‑second excerpt from a 60‑second video interview with an environmental activist discussing a current i...
Citations: Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code)
An LGU city enacts Ordinance No. 2026-12 imposing a 0.3% environmental levy on gross receipts of businesses within the city to fund river restoration and flood-control measures. The DENR issues Administrative Order DENR-...
In 2029, the BARMM Parliament enacts a BARMM Environmental Protection Code that imposes BARMM-wide standards for mining operations within BARMM and creates a BARMM Environmental Authority to enforce it within BARMM. The...
...se plastic bags within city limits for 12 months to prevent potential environmental damage to Balayan Bay’s coastal ecosystem. The ordinance cites the precautionary principle due to incomplete scientific certainty about...
Citations: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Principle 15, Constitution of the Philippines, Art. II, Sec. 16 (duty to protect a balanced and healthful ecology), Republic Act No. 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act), Local Government Code of 1991 (police power and local regulation of health and safety), Presidential Decree No. 1586 (Environmental Impact Statement System), DENR environmental policy and EIA framework (EIS System)
...a) a consulting fee of 1,400,000 pesos paid to Trustee P’s for-profit environmental consulting company for coordinating a nationwide coastal expo, with no written contract or substantiation; (b) reimbursement of 320,000...
Clara