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A civil action involves the collection of a loan evidenced by a promissory note. Plaintiff A sues Defendant B for P1,...

A civil action involves the collection of a loan evidenced by a promissory note. Plaintiff A sues Defendant B for P1,200,000, representing the balance due under a promissory note dated June 1, 2023, signed by B. Plain...

Citations: Rule 133, Rules of Court (Weight and Sufficiency of Evidence), Negotiable Instruments Law, Act No. 2036 (as to the admissibility and effect of promissory notes)

In a civil action for collection on a written instrument, plaintiff sues defendant on a notarized promissory note. Th...

...ption applies and when it does not. Rules of Court, Rule 131, Sec. 2, Negotiable Instruments Law (Act No. 2031) – for context on notarized instruments as evidence

Citations: Rules of Court, Rule 131, Sec. 2, Negotiable Instruments Law (Act No. 2031) – for context on notarized instruments as evidence

On 1 June 2025, Ana Reyes signs a promissory note payable to Cardoza Bank, or order, for ₱600,000, bearing interest a...

...ning: (a) whether the instrument is a negotiable instrument under the Negotiable Instruments Law; (b) whether installment payments and the acceleration clause affect negotiability; and (c) what remedies the holder may pu...

Citations: Negotiable Instruments Law (Act No. 2031), Philippine Civil Code (obligations and contracts) (for general principles of defenses)

On 10 March 2025, Juan Borja signs a promissory note payable to Maria, or order, for ₱400,000, with interest at 9% pe...

...ning, (a) whether the instrument is a negotiable instrument under the Negotiable Instruments Law; (b) whether the installment payments affect negotiability; and (c) what remedies the bank may pursue and what defenses Bor...

Citations: Negotiable Instruments Law (Act No. 2031), as amended, Civil Code of the Philippines, obligations and contracts (for general remedies and prescription)

On 12 April 2025, Andrea Lim executes a promissory note payable to ABC Bank, or order, for ₱780,000, bearing interest...

...ning: (a) whether the instrument is a negotiable instrument under the Negotiable Instruments Law; (b) whether installment payments affect negotiability; and (c) what remedies the bank may pursue and what defenses Lim may...

Citations: Negotiable Instruments Law (Act No. 2031), Secs. 1–3

On 12 May 2025, Aster Bank, or order, lends a borrower ₱480,000 at 9.5% per annum, to be repaid in 15 equal monthly i...

...ning: (a) whether the instrument is a negotiable instrument under the Negotiable Instruments Law; (b) whether installment payments and the acceleration clause affect negotiability; and (c) what remedies the holder may pu...

On 18 January 2026, Nestor Valdez signs a promissory note payable to Orion Bank, or order, for ₱1,000,000, bearing in...

...ning: (a) whether the instrument is a negotiable instrument under the Negotiable Instruments Law; (b) whether installment payments and the acceleration clause affect negotiability; and (c) what remedies the holder may pu...

On 9 January 2026, Delta Holdings signs a promissory note payable to Zenith Bank, or order, for ₱2,000,000, bearing i...

...ning: (a) whether the instrument is a negotiable instrument under the Negotiable Instruments Law; (b) whether installment payments and the acceleration clause affect negotiability; and (c) what remedies the holder may pu...

Facts: A resident of City Alpha robs a private bank located in City Beta by entering the bank and taking cash and neg...

...te bank located in City Beta by entering the bank and taking cash and negotiable instruments valued at 1,000,000 pesos at 12:15 p.m. on a Monday. He flees toward City Gamma by air and is arrested in City Delta four days...

Charter Bank, as holder of a negotiable promissory note signed by Apex Widgets Co. in its favor, assigns its right to...

Charter Bank, as holder of a negotiable promissory note signed by Apex Widgets Co. in its favor, assigns its right to collect the note to Summit Funding Partners before filing. Charter Bank then files a collection suit a...

Facts: A plaintiff bank sues in the Regional Trial Court for collection on a negotiable promissory note and for damag...

...A plaintiff bank sues in the Regional Trial Court for collection on a negotiable promissory note and for damages arising from its breach. The complaint frames two issues: (1) validity and enforceability of the promissory...

Two manufacturers of medical devices, CureWave Diagnostics and MedCore Instruments, sign a written agreement on Novem...

...wo manufacturers of medical devices, CureWave Diagnostics and MedCore Instruments, sign a written agreement on November 1, 2026. They (i) fix the wholesale price of a diagnostic device 'PulseMonitor 200' at PHP 15,000 pe...

Citations: Republic Act No. 10667, Section 14 (Philippine Competition Act).

(a) Identify the doctrine of Presumption of Existence in the context of capacity to act and explain its scope within...

...in the context of capacity to act and explain its scope within Civil Law. (b) Distinguish Presumption of Existence from related presumptions (such as presumption of regularity and presumption of validity) and indicate w...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Rules on Evidence (Presumptions), Notarial laws (regarding effect of notarization on private instruments)

(a) The United Nations General Assembly adopts Declaration D on the Right to Education. The Philippines, as a UN memb...

...ourt, arguing that Declaration D is not legally binding in Philippine law and cannot alter citizens’ rights or impose duties absent implementing legislation. Explain whether UN General Assembly declarations are binding s...

Citations: United Nations Charter, Article 25, 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, Article VII, Section 21, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) (self-execution and self-executing instruments principles)

During a state visit, the President, through the Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs, signs a bilateral Fisheries Coo...

During a state visit, the President, through the Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs, signs a bilateral Fisheries Cooperation Protocol with Country Nova on behalf of the Republic. The protocol is framed as an executiv...

Citations: Constitution of the Philippines (1987), Article VII, Section 21 (treaties require Senate concurrence; executive agreements distinguished), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) (conceptual framework for international obligations and treaty-like instruments)

Facts: Donor D executes a deed of donation of a parcel of land to donee E. The instrument is drafted on plain paper a...

...and what steps, if any, can E take to perfect title under Philippine law? This question is a focused test of the essential formality doctrine in real property transfers — that ownership of immovable property must be con...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines (general formality rule for transfers of real property), Presidential Decree No. 1529 (Land Registration), Notarial and publication requirements for public instruments (Notarial Law principles)

Lot K is owned by Reyes. Reyes hires a trusted caretaker, Mina, to handle the sale of Lot K. Unknown to Reyes, Mina f...

...convey Lot K, arguing that the conveyance rests on an act contrary to law. (a) Is Mina’s act an “act contrary to law” that gives rise to civil liability? (b) What is the effect of Mina’s act on the validity of the Reyes→...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Arts. 19–20 (civil liability for acts contrary to law)., Real property and registration principles: forgery renders a deed void ab initio; registration cannot cure a void title., Torrens system principle: indefeasibility of title does not validate titles rooted in void instruments; good faith alone does not cure a void conveyance.

(a) Identify the controlling doctrine and the primary rule governing when extrajudicial foreclosure may be used, and...

(a) Identify the controlling doctrine and the primary rule governing when extrajudicial foreclosure may be used, and the essential prerequisites for its validity. (b) Apply the facts: A parcel of land is encumbered by...

Citations: Civil Code provisions on real estate mortgages and power of sale; notarization requirements for mortgage instruments., Leading Philippine Supreme Court decisions interpreting extrajudicial foreclosure prerequisites and the effect of defects in the power of sale.

(a) Identify the doctrine of Presumption of Existence in the context of capacity to act and explain its scope within...

...in the context of capacity to act and explain its scope within Civil Law. (b) Distinguish Presumption of Existence from related presumptions (such as presumption of regularity and presumption of validity) and indicate w...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines (RA 386) – capacity to act and presumptions in civil transactions, Presidential Decree No. 1529 (Land Registration Decree) – governs land registration and validity of instruments in relation to title, Supreme Court jurisprudence recognizing presumption of existence and burden of proof in capacity-to-act issues

(a) Identify the doctrine of Presumption of Existence in the context of capacity to act and explain its scope within...

...in the context of capacity to act and explain its scope within Civil Law. (b) Distinguish Presumption of Existence from related presumptions (such as presumption of regularity and presumption of validity) and indicate w...

Citations: Civil Code provisions on capacity to act and the status of natural persons., Philippine Supreme Court decisions recognizing or applying the Presumption of Existence in capacity-to-act disputes (burden of proof rests on challengers), General references on presumptions in contract and property instruments (Presumption of Regularity; Presumption of Validity)

A deed of partition and sale of a parcel of land is executed by two co-owners, P and Q, and their selling agent. The...

...w? This flashcard isolates the core doctrine of public versus private instruments in real property transfers, forcing the examinee to apply the rule to a distinct fact pattern (co-owners, partition, and sale) and to spec...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines – public instrument requirement for transfer of immovable property., Presidential Decree No. 1529 (Property Registration Decree) – governs registration of titles and the effect of the form of instruments on title transfers., Supreme Court decisions and LRA practice on the distinction between private and public instruments for real property transfers (enforcement against third parties and eligibility for registration).

Atty. Lorenzo M. Garcia, a practicing lawyer and notary public in Davao City, is asked to notarize a Deed of Sale of...

Atty. Lorenzo M. Garcia, a practicing lawyer and notary public in Davao City, is asked to notarize a Deed of Sale of a parcel of land between a private seller, Mr. Santos, and a private buyer, Ms. Cruz. The instrument is...

Bea owns Lot 42. In 2015, Diego, claiming a deed from a person who later is shown not to have owned the land, enters...

...traordinary)., Supreme Court jurisprudence on prescription and forged instruments (possession and title considerations).

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines – acquisitive prescription (ordinary vs extraordinary)., Supreme Court jurisprudence on prescription and forged instruments (possession and title considerations).

Facts: Cesar owns Lot No. 101, Torrens title T-101, in a provincial city. He signs a deed of sale with Diego for the...

...of the Philippines (definition and requirements for public vs private instruments in transfer of real property)

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines (definition and requirements for public vs private instruments in transfer of real property)