Facts: On June 12, 2020, Ramon committed robbery. Under the Revised Penal Code then in force, the penalty for robbery ranged from 8 to 14 years of imprisonment. On January 15, 2023, the Legislature enacted a new law redu...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 22 (Ex Post Facto)
...r of a municipality, malversed PHP 150,000 of public funds. Under the Revised Penal Code, the penalty for malversation ranged from 6 to 20 years of imprisonment. On January 10, 2024, the Legislature enacted a new law red...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 21 (Ex Post Facto)., Philippine Revised Penal Code; doctrine of lex mitior (retroactive application of lenient penal laws).
...ges the order, arguing that preventive imprisonment is not a punitive penalty but a pre-trial measure, and that detention should be limited to the shortest appropriate period. (a) Define preventive imprisonment under Phi...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 14(2) on due process and liberty, Rules on Criminal Procedure (pre-trial detention and bail), Revised Penal Code provisions on penalties and related pre-trial safeguards (conceptual basis)
A provincial Information Office issues a prepublication directive to the online news portal CapitolPulse prohibiting publication of a forthcoming investigative report alleging that a provincial housing project contrac...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 4 (Freedom of speech, of the press, and of expression)., Revised Penal Code (Defamation/Libel) and recognized defenses (truth/justification, fair comment, privilege).
...overlap with prior questions while testing the same fundamental rule. Revised Penal Code, Article 70 (Commutation of penalties), Constitution of the Philippines, Article VII, Section 19 (Presidential clemency powers: par...
Citations: Revised Penal Code, Article 70 (Commutation of penalties), Constitution of the Philippines, Article VII, Section 19 (Presidential clemency powers: pardons, reprieves, commutations)
Lara, a migrant worker from Indonesia, is employed at a private fruit-processing plant. She is housed in a dormitory on-site and, after her scheduled shift ends, the plant manager locks the dormitory door and forces h...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 18(1), Revised Penal Code (on illegal detention/forced labor)
Provincial Governor Gloria Mercado approved a non-competitive procurement of disaster-relief vehicles from a private supplier for ₱120 million. The supplier later billed ₱165 million. The governor directed the provinc...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article XI, Section 5 (Sandiganbayan jurisdiction over graft and corruption), Republic Act No. 3019 (Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act), Sec. 4 (Sandiganbayan original jurisdiction over graft and related offenses), Republic Act No. 3019 (Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act), Sec. 3(e) (elements of graft), Revised Penal Code, Article 217 (Malversation of public funds)
...1987 Constitution, Article III, Section 1 (nullum crimen sine lege), Revised Penal Code principles on legality of punishment, Rules of Court, Rule on Inf...
Citations: 1987 Constitution, Article III, Section 1 (nullum crimen sine lege), Revised Penal Code principles on legality of punishment, Rules of Court, Rule on Information amendments (Rule 110/Rule 120 context), General doctrine on fatal variance between information and law
A city government, through its Office of the City Information and Communications, issues an immediate order forbidding a local daily from publishing a forthcoming investigative report about alleged kickbacks involving...
Citations: 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 4 (freedom of speech, press, and assembly)., Revised Penal Code, Libel (defamation).
A city Information Office, acting on its own, issues a prepublication directive to the online news portal PulseLine prohibiting the publication of a forthcoming investigative report alleging that a flood-control proje...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 4 (freedom of speech, press, and expression), Revised Penal Code, Libel provisions (defining libel and defenses)
...into tangential topics. Constitution of the Philippines, Article VII, Section 19 (clemenc...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article VII, Section 19 (clemency and pardon powers), Revised Penal Code, Book I (Extinction of Criminal Liability)
...ior prompts. Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 4, Revised Penal Code (incitement to violence/lawless acts)
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 4, Revised Penal Code (incitement to violence/lawless acts)
A provincial information office issues a prepublication directive to a local online news portal prohibiting publication of a forthcoming investigative report alleging that a public-works contract was awarded to a firm...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 4 (Freedom of speech and of the press), Revised Penal Code (defamation/libel provisions), Libel defenses: truth, fair comment, privilege (general doctrinal understanding)
A provincial information office issues a prepublication directive to a regional online outlet, PulseLine News, prohibiting publication of a forthcoming investigative report alleging that a public works project awarded...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 4 (freedom of speech and of the press), Revised Penal Code (Libel provisions), Related jurisprudence on prior restraints and post-publication liability (constitutional guarantees and penal libel)
A provincial information office issues a prepublication directive to the online news portal BrightLine News prohibiting publication of a forthcoming investigative report alleging that a water-treatment facility contra...
Citations: Constitution, Article III, Section 4 (freedom of speech and press), Revised Penal Code, Libel (Article 353 et seq.)
A provincial Vice-Governor issues a prepublication directive to WaveFront FM, prohibiting the airing of a forthcoming investigative report alleging kickbacks in the awarding of a major public works contract to a compa...
Citations: 1987 Constitution, Article III, Section 4 (freedom of speech, press, and expression), Revised Penal Code, Libel, Articles 353-357 (elements of libel; defamation by publication)
...le III, Section 4 (Freedom of Speech, Expression, and of the Press)., Revised Penal Code, Article 353 (Libel) and related defamation provisions.
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 4 (Freedom of Speech, Expression, and of the Press)., Revised Penal Code, Article 353 (Libel) and related defamation provisions.
...f the Philippines, Article III, Section 4 (Freedom of speech, press), Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815), Article 353 (Libel)
Citations: Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article III, Section 4 (Freedom of speech, press), Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815), Article 353 (Libel)
...VII, Section 19 (reprieves, pardons, and commutations of sentences), Revised Penal Code, Extinction of Criminal Liability (Partial Extinction) – Commutation of Sentence, Board of Pardons and Parole...
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article VII, Section 19 (reprieves, pardons, and commutations of sentences), Revised Penal Code, Extinction of Criminal Liability (Partial Extinction) – Commutation of Sentence, Board of Pardons and Parole (as the recommending body for presidential action)
...rugs at the time of the offense. He is charged with Robbery under the Revised Penal Code. (a) Is the circumstance of being under the influence of dangerous drugs at the time of the offense an aggravating circumstance tha...
Citations: Republic Act No. 9165, Section 25, Revised Penal Code, Article 14
...rugs at the time of the offense. He is charged with Robbery under the Revised Penal Code. (a) Is being under the influence of dangerous drugs at the time of the offense an aggravating circumstance that increases liabilit...
Citations: Republic Act No. 9165, Section 25, Revised Penal Code, Article 14 (Aggravating Circumstances)
...in a tight, exam-friendly format. Republic Act No. 10591, Section 29, Revised...
Citations: Republic Act No. 10591, Section 29, Revised Penal Code, Article 14 (Aggravating Circumstances)
...loose firearm' as an aggravating circumstance and its legal effect on penalties. (b) Distinguish this aggravating circumstance from illegal possession of firearms under RA 10591. (c) Apply to Liza: has the use of the loo...
Citations: Republic Act No. 10591, Section 29 (Using a Loose Firearm in the Commission of a Crime), Republic Act No. 10591, Section 28 (Illegal Possession of Firearms), Revised Penal Code, Article 14 (Aggravating Circumstances)
...the Philippines, Article III, Section 22 (Ex post facto prohibition), Revised Penal Code, Article 4 (Crimes and penalties defined by law)
Citations: Constitution of the Philippines, Article III, Section 22 (Ex post facto prohibition), Revised Penal Code, Article 4 (Crimes and penalties defined by law)
Clara