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VerdeHarvest Cooperative, a primary cooperative organized under the Cooperative Code (R.A. No. 9520) with 38 members, by-laws authorizing it to acquire, hold, and convey real property for its purposes, purchases a 9-hectare farm. The title is issued in the name of VerdeHarvest Cooperative. The land will be used to establish a community store, a training center for member-beneficiaries, and member farming plots. The cooperative is CDA-registered and compliant with formalities. A member challenges the arrangement, arguing that cooperatives under R.A. No. 9520 cannot own land in their own name and that land must be titled in the name of a natural person or a Filipino-owned corporation. (a) Identify the controlling doctrinal rule on whether a cooperative organized under RA 9520 may acquire and own land in its own name or through a separate Filipino-owned corporate vehicle closely controlled by the cooperative. (b) Distinguish the capacity of cooperatives to own land from that of other corporate forms under the Constitution and RA 9520. (c) Apply the doctrine to VerdeHarvest Cooperative: is the land ownership valid? If valid, what are the implications under Article 16 on dissolution; if not, what remedies are available?

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