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Elena, a Filipino, and Klaus, a German national, were married in Rome in 2018 in a ceremony that complied with Italian law, with both parties capable and consenting. They did not register the marriage in the Philippines. They later have a child in 2019. Elena seeks to have the foreign marriage recognized in the Philippines for purposes of civil status and inheritance. (a) State the controlling doctrine on the validity of marriages celebrated abroad and the test for recognition in the Philippines. (b) Distinguish this rule from possible limitations that could prevent recognition (e.g., public policy, incapacity, or prohibited marriages under Philippine law). (c) Apply the doctrine to Elena and Klaus: is their marriage valid in the Philippines, and what are the implications for Elena’s civil status, the child’s legitimacy, and Elena’s ability to remarry in the Philippines? Provide a concise conclusion.