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Jomar Dizon signs with Zenith Global Overseas Services, Inc., a Philippine recruitment agency licensed to place OFWs. Zenith collects 62,000 pesos described as “processing and placement” fees and issues receipts listing items such as medical clearance, document processing, and pre-departure orientation. Jomar signs a standard overseas employment contract that he later learns is not with the foreign employer in Country W; the Country W-based employer refuses to recognize the Philippine contract and the duties promised are different from those actually required. Jomar seeks a refund of the 62,000 and to hold Zenith and its officers criminally liable for illegal recruitment. Zenith asserts that its actions constitute legitimate recruitment and that the fees were for services rendered. (a) Identify the central doctrine implicated by these facts. (b) State the governing rule and the elements that must be proven to establish liability under that doctrine. (c) Apply the doctrine to Jomar’s facts and state the likely outcome and remedies available to Jomar.