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Facts: Rommel Cruz operates 'Gateway Overseas Link' in Davao City. He has no POEA license or authority to conduct overseas recruitment. He runs a campaign on Facebook and Instagram offering overseas employment as domestic workers to the United Arab Emirates with a monthly salary of PHP 35,000. He collects processing, medical, and documentary fees from applicants totaling PHP 14,000–25,000 each. He furnishes fake UAE Domestic Co. job orders and a signed contract that he says will be finalized upon deployment, and he instructs applicants to keep the arrangement secret from their families and friends. After several victims discover the ruse and file complaints, Cruz is charged with illegal recruitment. (a)Identify the governing doctrine and the elements of illegal recruitment that apply to Cruz’s acts. (b)Distinguish between direct illegal recruitment and grave illegal recruitment and indicate whether Cruz’s scheme fits one of these categories. (c)Apply the facts to determine Cruz’s liability under the illegal recruitment statute.