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(a) Identify the governing doctrine on substitution of candidates in Philippine elections, including the grounds for substitution, who may substitute, and the required procedural steps.
(b) Distinguish the rules when substitution is triggered by death, withdrawal, or disqualification, with emphasis on the party requirement and the effect on the party ticket.
(c) Apply to the following fact pattern: A local party Horizon Alliance nominates candidate A for mayor of Centro City. Candidate A dies on June 15. On June 18, Horizon Alliance files with COMELEC a substituted certificate of candidacy naming candidate B, a member of Horizon Alliance, as substitute. COMELEC accepts the substitution. The election is scheduled for August 1. A rival party objects, contending that substitution is invalid because the vacancy was due to death and that B has not resided in Centro City for the required period. B has resided in Centro City for three months prior to filing. Determine whether substitution is valid. If valid, who should be proclaimed and what are the implications for the electorate and the party ticket.