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Two states, the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Veridia, enter into the Regional Fisheries and Marine Resources Treaty (RFMR Treaty). Clause: “Disputes arising under this Treaty shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice.” The Philippines is a party to RFMR Treaty; Veridia is a party to RFMR Treaty. The Philippines has not made a declaration under Article 36(2) of the ICJ Statute. Veridia files a case in the ICJ against the Philippines alleging breach of RFMR Treaty concerning shared exclusive fishing zones and enforcement measures. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine governing the Court’s jurisdiction in this setting. (b) Distinguish this basis from compulsory jurisdiction under the ICJ Statute’s optional clause. (c) Apply the doctrine to the facts and determine whether the ICJ has jurisdiction over the dispute, noting any limits.