Flashcards Studio

Under Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration, a Philippines-registered offshore aquaculture facility operates in waters near a boundary strait with State Z. During the typhoon season, storm runoff and effluents from the facility—containing nutrients and antifouling biocides—cross the strait and cause coral bleaching and declines in fisheries in State Z's coastal zone. State Z protests and seeks cessation of the facility's activities and compensation for damages; the Philippines contends that it complies with domestic environmental regulations and that the cross-border impacts are not transboundary. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine under Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration and its essential elements. (b) Distinguish the 'no-harm principle' from the 'duty to cooperate' and explain how each applies to these facts. (c) Apply the doctrine to the facts and state the likely remedies and outcomes under international law and Philippine practice.