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Question
An RTC, Civil Case No. 2025-010, presided by Judge Elena Santos, rendered a written judgment on June 15, 2025, in favor of the plaintiff against the defendant for ₱180,000, plus costs. The dispositive portion states: "WHEREFORE, plaintiff is entitled to judgment against defendant for ₱180,000, plus costs." The body of the decision contains the findings of fact and the applicable law, but there is no separate promulgation order. There was no notice of judgment served on the parties, and there is no entry of judgment in the court’s records. The case has not been appealed or reconsidered. Is the judgment a valid final judgment? If not, what remedy should be pursued to render it valid and appealable? In your answer, (a) identify the requisites of a valid judgment; (b) distinguish finality from executory status; (c) apply to the facts.