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Mira Santos, a 68-year-old retiree with vascular dementia diagnosed months before her death, executed a notarized last will and testament leaving the bulk of her estate to her long-time caregiver, Jonas, and a smaller share to a charitable foundation. After Mira’s death, Mira’s siblings challenge the will, alleging lack of testamentary capacity at execution and undue influence by Jonas. The will was signed by Mira in Jonas’s presence and witnessed by two individuals; no formal witnesses were required for the codicil since no codicil exists. To support their challenge, the siblings offer: (1) a medical report diagnosing vascular dementia in the months before execution; (2) testimony from a neighbor who observed Jonas directing Mira’s finances and dictating purchases; (3) bank statements showing substantial transfers from Mira to Jonas shortly before execution; (4) a letter from Mira’s attorney stating Jonas’s involvement in drafting the will; (5) Mira’s own dated diary entry noting, “Jonas must manage everything for me.” The defense contends Mira acted freely, understood the nature of the act, and sought nothing improper. In light of Rule 133 and jurisprudence on weight and sufficiency of evidence, decide (a) the standard of proof known as clear and convincing evidence and its place in Philippine Remedial Law; (b) how that standard applies to the facts, and whether the challengers meet the standard; (c) how to distinguish clear and convincing evidence from preponderance of the evidence and from proof beyond reasonable doubt in this context.