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Question
Under A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC, Rule 11, Sec. 1, identify the controlling doctrine on admissibility of audio, photographic, and video evidence and explain how it governs electronic data presented at trial. What foundation is required to authenticate such electronic media, distinguishing the standards for audio recordings, still photographs, and video recordings? Apply your rule to the following facts: (a) A private investigator obtained a 28-second audio recording of the defendant during a private interview, stored on the defendant’s Android phone; (b) The investigator transfers the file to the prosecution via a USB drive; the original remains on the phone; a copy is admitted at trial with a cryptographic hash and metadata showing date, time, and device; the defense objects that the file may have been altered; (c) Should the court admit the audio or exclude it, and why?