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Crescent Textiles signs a Collective Bargaining Agreement with the Crescent Textile Workers Union (CTWU). The Union Security Clause states: All regular employees shall become and remain members of CTWU as a condition of employment; new hires must join within 18 days from the date of hire; non-members may be terminated at the employer's sole discretion. Joaquin Garcia, hired January 3, 2025, declines to join CTWU and is discharged on February 10, 2025 for non-membership. He files a complaint for illegal dismissal and violation of freedom of association. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine in Philippine labor law regarding the enforceability of union security clauses, with particular focus on whether a “closed shop” or a “union shop” is permissible. (b) Distinguish between a closed shop and a union shop and state which, if any, the above clause attempts to impose. (c) Apply the doctrine to Garcia’s facts: is his discharge valid or not? What remedies, if any, should apply to Garcia and why?