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Question
Provincial Ordinance No. 2105-03, the “Public Expression and Public Peace Act,” prohibits any utterance, writing, posting, or display that (a) demeans, discredits, or undermines the credibility of any provincial governor or public institution, or (b) disturbs public order or interferes with essential public services. The ordinance covers statements made in public spaces, on posters, and on online platforms, using broad terms such as “demeans,” “discredits,” “undermines,” and “disturbs” without precise limits. A licensed nurse-activist, Ana Miranda, posts on her public social media page: “Governor Cruz is corrupt and mishandles the health program.” Miranda is charged under the ordinance. Miranda challenges the ordinance on its face as unconstitutional. (a)Identify the controlling doctrinal framework Miranda relies on. (b)Distinguish facial challenges from as-applied challenges and explain whether the ordinance would fail the facial test. (c)Apply the doctrine to the facts to determine whether the ordinance is void for overbreadth, and whether severability could save any portion. Conclude with the likely outcome under Philippine law.