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A cyber operation launched by State Y against a Philippine defense facility near Mindanao disrupts radar and communications for several hours, injuring none but causing substantial disruption. There is no UN Security Council authorization and no formal declaration of war. The Philippine government contends the cyber operation constitutes an 'armed attack' and asserts it may respond in self-defense, including potentially kinetic measures. (a) Identify the governing doctrine on use of force short of war applicable to the Philippines. (b) Distinguish the controlling rule between self-defense and other state actions and explain the limits of recourse to force. (c) Apply the doctrine to the facts and determine whether the Philippines may lawfully respond with force, including whether the response would be lawful self-defense and what limits apply.