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The Philippines and State V entered into the Treaty on Maritime Environmental Cooperation in 2019. The treaty contains a compromissory clause: “Disputes arising under this Treaty shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice for resolution.” The Philippines has ratified the treaty; State V has not completed domestic ratification and contends that it is not bound by the treaty’s ICJ clause and will not participate in ICJ proceedings. A dispute has arisen concerning interpretation of the treaty’s environmental-protection provisions and its application to a cross-border pollution issue. (a) Identify the central doctrine governing peaceful settlement of international disputes that applies to this question. (b) Distinguish the controlling rule on whether a compromissory clause binds a state that is not a party to the treaty or has not ratified domestically. (c) Apply to these facts: can the Philippines bring the dispute to the ICJ given State V’s non-consent? If not, what alternative peaceful settlement avenues remain under international law?