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A Philippine-based shipping terminal and refinery sit near a strait that forms part of the boundary with State Z. During the typhoon season, storm surges and the facility’s cooling-water discharge, carrying sulfur compounds and fine particulates, are carried across the strait by winds and currents, resulting in increased respiratory illnesses among State Z residents and damage to coastal fisheries on State Z’s side. State Z protests and seeks cessation of operations and compensation for damages; the Philippines argues it has complied with domestic environmental standards and that the observed effects do not amount to transboundary harm. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine under Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration and its essential elements. (b) Distinguish the "no-harm principle" from the "duty to cooperate" and explain how each applies to these facts. (c) Apply the doctrine to the facts and state the likely remedies and outcomes under international law and Philippine practice.