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On 2012-08-01, Niko commits qualified theft by taking PHP 500,000 from a hardware store by deceit. In 2020, a new statute reduces the penalty for qualified theft. In 2023, Niko is charged for the 2012 offense. (a) State the doctrine of prospectivity and the favorability rule governing retroactive application of penal laws in the Philippines. (b) Apply the doctrine to the facts: should the 2020 statute apply to Niko's 2012 offense? Explain. (c) If the 2020 statute had instead increased the penalty for the same offense, would retroactive application be allowed to Niko's 2012 offense? Explain.