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On 2018-06-10, Marco commits robbery with violence against a person. On 2020-01-15, a new statute reduces the penalty for robbery with violence. In 2021, Marco is charged for the 2018 offense. (a) State the doctrine of prospectivity and the favorability rule governing retroactive application of penal laws in the Philippines. (b) Apply the doctrine to the facts: should the 2020 statute apply to Marco's 2018 offense? Explain. (c) If the 2020 statute had instead increased the penalty for the same offense, would retroactive application be allowed to Marco's 2018 offense? Explain.