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Facts: A private corporation, NovaLink Global Staffing, based in Cebu City, has no POEA license or authority to conduct overseas recruitment. It operates through a wholly owned subsidiary, NovaLink Overseas, which is similarly unlicensed. The companies post online ads offering overseas managerial trainee positions in the fictitious country of Valoria with a monthly salary of PHP 31,000. They collect processing, medical, and documentary fees from applicants totaling PHP 12,000–25,000 each. They furnish fake Valoria Global Co. job orders and a signed contract that they say will be finalized once the applicant is deployed, and they instruct applicants to keep the arrangement secret from their families and friends. After several victims discover the ruse and file complaints, NovaLink is charged with illegal recruitment. a)Identify the governing doctrine and the elements of illegal recruitment that apply to NovaLink’s acts. b)Distinguish between direct illegal recruitment and grave illegal recruitment and indicate whether NovaLink’s scheme fits one of these categories. c)Apply the facts to determine NovaLink’s liability under the illegal recruitment statute.