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At Pacifica Manufacturing, Inc., a heavy machinery plant employing about 1,300 workers, management forms a company union called the Pacifica Workers Forum (PWF). Officers are appointed by the plant manager, and the union’s treasury is funded by the company; membership recruitment is largely through payroll deductions and incentive programs controlled by management. An independent union, the Pacifica Employees Alliance (PEA), spontaneously arises in response to management practices. Management warns employees that joining PEA will result in adverse shifts and insists that PWF is the official bargaining agent. When PEA seeks recognition and certification as the exclusive bargaining agent, the company continues to bargain only with PWF and obstructs the certification process. (a) Is PWF a legitimate labor organization for purposes of collective bargaining? Identify the controlling doctrine and explain your reasoning. (b) If PWF is not a valid independent bargaining agent, what remedies may be available to PEA and to affected employees for employer domination or interference with the right to organize? (c) Outline the proper steps workers must take to secure certification as the exclusive bargaining agent and the role of labor authorities in ensuring free choice of representation.