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On 2012-11-02, Mara commits qualified theft by taking PHP 120,000 from a store, using deceit. In 2019, a new statute reduces the penalty for qualified theft. In 2021, Mara is charged for the 2012 offense. (a) State the doctrine of prospectivity and the favorability rule governing retroactive application of penal laws in the Philippines. (b) Apply the doctrine to the facts: should the 2019 statute apply to Mara's 2012 offense? Explain. (c) If the 2019 statute had instead increased the penalty for the same offense, would retroactive application be allowed to Mara's 2012 offense? Explain.